The pastern and hoof should form what degree angle with the ground?

The proper angle between the pastern and the hoof in a horse should be approximately 45 degrees with the ground. This angle is essential for the overall functionality and soundness of a horse. A 45-degree angle allows for optimal weight distribution and supports the mechanical efficiency of the horse's leg during movement.

When the pastern and hoof are at this angle, it promotes a healthy gait and minimizes stress on the joints and ligaments. It also plays a significant role in shock absorption when the horse moves, which is critical for preventing injuries. A steeper angle, such as 30 degrees, may indicate a low heel or other conformational issues, while a more acute angle closer to 60 degrees may suggest a high heel or other undesirable conformation. A vertical angle of 90 degrees is not appropriate for a horse's hoof, as it would inhibit natural movement and increase the risk of injury.

Thus, the 45-degree angle is recognized as the standard for optimal hoof and pastern alignment, promoting soundness and athletic performance in horses.